The Colour Purple

This rather beautiful flower is Tibouchina urvilleana and the purple of its petals is due to the presence of anthocyanin pigments, which are dissolved in the cytoplasm of the petal cells.

If you magnify the petal surface about 200 times you can see the way in which the petal cells fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. This piece of petal is mounted in water but if it's transferred to a concentrated solution of sugar ...

  ... the water in the cell begins to flow out through the semi-permeable cell membrane by the process of osmosis, with water travelling out from the less concentrated solution in the cell to the more concentrated solution surrounding it. Within a few minutes spaces become visible between the cytoplasm and the cell wall, where the cytoplasm shrinks ....

... and within a few more minutes the cytoplasmic contents of the cell have shrunk even further, so the purple anthocyanin pigment becomes even more concentrated in the remaining cytoplasm.

  While I was looking at the petals I noticed something unusual around their edge  - a fringe of microscopic hairs, invisible to the naked eye.

 Each hair is tipped with a  glandular head.



... that looks as through it may contain oils.

What are these hairs for? Secreting aromatic compounds that attract insect pollinators, perhaps?

Getting a Grip

The colour of a flower is the result of a combination of the floral pigments contained in the petal cells and the optical characteristics of the cells themselves, which is why the colour of flowers in photographs doesn’t always correspond exactly with what the eye sees. The cells walls act like lenses, bending and scattering light rays, producing optical effects that combine with the floral pigment colours to produce unique hues, so even a brick red geranium flower shows a bluish tinge from certain angles (bottom picture). These photos show the cells on the surface of a geranium (Pelargonium) petal, which in surface view look like a patchwork blanket, with the patches stitched together (second picture from bottom x100). A side-on view reveals that each cell is actually shaped like a small hill, and that the ‘stitches’ are really pleats (third picture from bottom x100 and fourth picture from bottom x200). The conical cells are typical of many petal surfaces of flowers visited by insects. So why are they this shape? Their lens-like properties contribute to flower colours but their shape and surface texture seems to have evolved to give the claws of pollinating insects like bees (top picture x100) something to grip. By the clever use of mutant forms of snapdragon that have flat, smooth petal surface cells rather than conical ones, Dr. Beverley Glover at Cambridge University’s Department of Plant Sciences has shown that bees avoid smooth petal surfaces because it’s difficult for their claws to grip them and gain enough purchase to force their tongues into the flower. So ultimately it’s the necessity of giving insects a foothold that has produced petal cells with optical properties that add complexity and subtlety to flower colours. There's more about Dr. Glover's research in this web site http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8049954.stm